drake's post about the DRC inspired me to do a bit of research about everyone's favorite forgotten humanitarian disaster.
How did the conflict start?The
website of the UN's mission in DRC provides a history of the conflict:
-16 May 1997. President Mobutu Sese Seko is overthrown by The Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL), and the president becomes Laurent Désiré Kabila.
or perhaps we should back up a bit...
who was Mobutu? no wait, where did Mobutu come from?
Mobutu was the successor to Patrice Lumumba. Lumumba became prime minister after Belgian colonial authorities granted the country independence and organized parliamentary elections in May of 1960. Parliamentary deadlock over the constitution, an army mutiny, and the secession of the copper-rich state of Katanga were among his first challenges as PM. The Katanga incident is best described by Kevin Shillington in his
History of Africa:
"Katangan secession lasted two-and-a-half years. It was encouraged and financed by the Belgian controllers of the
Union Munière copper-mining company and other Belgian business interests in the region. Tshombe's Katangan military force was assisted by a motley crew of white mercenaries made up of former Belgian soldiers and adventurers from Rhodesia and South Africa. It was not until towards the end of 1962 that the UN finally intervened decisively in Katanga..."
Of course, Lumumba was lured into Katanga state and summarily tortured and killed, with direct involvement of Belgian officials, barely seven months after taking office. Mobutu rose to power in a coup of November 1965. Shillington writes of the coup: "The only surprise was that he had not done it earlier."
Mobutu's most memorable contributions are having changed the country's name to Zaire and Katanga state's name to Shaba; and being the
third-most corrupt leader in modern history.figure from transparency international:

now to 1998. Eastern factions of the AFDL stage an uprising against Kabila. Loyalists received military support in the form of soldiers from Zimbabwe, Angola, Chad and Namibia, while Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi give military assistance to two new groups of rebels,
Le Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie (RCD) and
Mouvement de Libération du Congo (MLC)
The UN brokers a ceasefire agreed to by the DRC government, foreign countries, and eventually by the MLC and the RCD between July and August of 1999. In reality the borders are sites of weapons smuggling and transit by any of the several belligerant aprties involved. The UN starts sending peacekeeping forces at the end of 1999 yadda yadda yadda the peacekeepers from South Africa, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan are sitll there, there is a nominal peace, but, as drake notes, it is estimated that up to 1,000 people a day are dying in refugee camps from disease.
the conflict is complicated: there is no one to take the blame for failing to act, and there is no single belligerant party. but there are still victims, the four million and counting, and there are many who can profit from the violence
there is money to be made in selling weapons to rebels, who would profit handsomely from a kleptocracy in the style of Mobutu. they can gain public support by being either slightly less corrupt than Mobutu or slightly less violent than the other rebels. neighboring countries in the Great Lakes region support one group or the other of rebels because they would like to have favorable relations with a new ruling class. the incentive for this clusterfuck of a power-grab is the minerals:

diamonds, gold, niobium, copper, cobalt, tin, manganese, lead, zinc, uranium, and coal.
while one can successfully campaign for jewelers to assure that they do not use diamonds or gold obtained from human suffering, most people are unfamiliar with the other minerals and their uses. it would be silly to campaign against whoever happens to make arc welding rods containing niobium, generating turbines using cobalt, or paint additives containing manganese, because it is not at all apparent, by looking at an object, that it contains a small amount of a mineral valuable enough to cause violence.
which brings me to my conclusion. don't buy anything, ever. also i would like to see the DRC have some stability so that i may visit it during my residence in Cameroun.